Consequentialism Essay - 1566 Words

Consequentialism and non-consequentialism are both action based ethical frameworks that people can use to make ethical judgments. Consequentialism is based on examining the consequences of one’s actions as opposed to non-consequentialism which is focused on whether the act is right or wrong regardless of the outcome (Burgh, Field Freakley, 2006). The three sub-categories of consequentialism are altruism, utilitarianism and egoism. Altruism is when the actions of a person promote the best consequences for others, yet do not benefit the person who performed the act. Abruzzi and McGandy (2006) explain that Auguste Comte developed the term to support his ethical stance that humans are morally obliged to serve the interests of others,†¦show more content†¦From an egoism perspective the teacher would disregard the rights of others by taking the path of least resistance in order to minimise the negative consequences for her. The consequences of this would be that the teac her would primarily side with the community and also grant Del’s family their wishes. Under the ethical framework of consequentialism and in regards to this scenario, it is apparent that a utilitarian perspective would result in the most positive outcome. As a teacher you have a responsibility to all stakeholders including yourself therefore, egoism or altruism are inappropriate. From a utilitarian perspective a course of action would be organise a meeting with all of the stakeholders involved to discuss the various issues and actions needed to implement effective inclusive classroom practices both within the classroom and the school. Practices would involve curricular and non-curricular activities. This action plan is justified because it reflects the multicultural nature of our globalised society and all stakeholders benefit in the long term. The four sub-categories of non-consequentialism are natural rights, social contract, deontology and divine command. From a natural rights perspective the belief is that above all else human beings have basic human rights that must be adhered to regardless of the consequences. Locke (1690, as cited in Burgh et al., 2006) developed theShow MoreRelatedConsequentialism, Non- Consequentialism, Virtue Ethics and Care Ethics1742 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This essay will provide a theoretical understanding of the four ethical frameworks: Consequentialism, Non- Consequentialism, Virtue Ethics and Care Ethics. When applied to a situation these frameworks help teachers to resolve and justify their decision making. The objective is to apply the four frameworks to the scenario Helping Molly, to establish the most ethical course of action. Finally, a recommended course of action will be justification. The overarching ethical issue presentRead MoreThe Ethical Theory Of Consequentialism2160 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Consequentialism is one of the three main normative ethical theories alongside virtue theory and deontology. In general, consequentialism holds that the right thing to do in any situation is determined completely by its consequences. This includes everything that will happen in the world as a result of the action. There are a multitude of variations branching from this which may differ in what part of the consequences they value; and as such have different value theories, but all willRead MoreEssay about Consequentialism: The Global Poor1203 Words   |  5 Pagesdo about it?† and â€Å"should we even do something about it?†. In this essay, I will be arguing the moral implications of consequentialism and why Onora O’Neill’s non-consequential view on the subject is more plausible than Peter Singer’s consequential view. I will explain what differentiates Singer and O’Neill’s views and where both their views come together. Consequentialism refers to the idea that what is morally good or bad is all based on the consequences of one’s actions. It is derived fromRead MoreConsequences Of Climate Change : Consequentialism And Environmental Ethics1167 Words   |  5 PagesConsequences of Climate Change: Consequentialism and Environmental Ethics A somewhat commonly held concern is that consequentialism is an inadequate moral theory for tackling issues of environmental ethics. In this paper I will argue that consequentialism can successfully respond to climate change by, at times, evaluating the morality of character traits instead of actions. First, I will provide a couple major objections that consequentialism must overcome if it is to be successful in addressingRead More Kai Nielsen’s Support of Consequentialism and Rejection of Deontology1484 Words   |  6 PagesKai Nielsen’s Support of Consequentialism and Rejection of Deontology Kai Nielsen defended consequentialism and showed how it can still agree with commonsense, deontological convictions in his article â€Å"Traditional Morality and Utilitarianism.† His article focused on closing the gulf between consequentialism and deontology by showing how closely they can agree, and he further evaluated the systems and found that consequentialism as he sees it should be practiced is morally superior to traditionalRead MoreConsequentialism And Consequentialism : Virtue Ethics, Consequentialism, And Deontology1200 Words   |  5 Pagesframeworks: virtue ethics, consequentialism, and deontology. In this essay, I will more concentrate on consequentialism, especially utilitarianism, and deontology to make compare and contrast analysis of each other and how each case works differently and causes divergent result in the same scenario. Both consequentialism and deontology is underlying the action-based theory, a traditional approach to focus totally on the actions that performed by one. Although both consequentialism and deontology is underRead MoreParable of the Sadhu Essay827 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the Sadhu (Donaldson 280). There are three general approaches in examining a moral issue and making a decision, those being consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics. The essay does not clearly indicate which method was used to assess the situation. In my opinion, the best method would be Kantian deontology. Let us discuss consequentialism first. Consequentialism focuses on consequences as the most important factor in the decision making process (Donaldson 3). For consequentialists theRead MoreEssay on Ethics Case Study1554 Words   |  7 Pagesfor this scenario are Consequentialism, Non-Consequentialism, Virtue Ethics and Care Ethics. Consequentialism is an action-based decision making framework which determines whether an act is right or wrong based on the consequences that occur from them. Decisions are considered to be effective when the negative consequences are eliminated or minimised (Baron, Pettit Slote, 1997; Burgh, 2006). Egoism, Altruism and Utilitarianism are some of the subcategories of Consequentialism. Egoism statesRead MoreUtilitarianism And Consequentialism758 Words   |  4 PagesConsequentialism is determining whether actions are justified based on the consequences of the action. Singer’s approach of utilitarianism, a form of consequentialism, is deepened by arguing that the consequences of the action for all life that is able to perceive pleasure or pain must be taken into account in determining whether the action is right or wrong. Deontology takes a different approach to how actions are determined just. According to Regan’s view, an action is not considered right or wrongRead MoreEssay on Bernard Williams and Utilitarianism690 Words   |  3 Pagescomplains that the right choice for others comes in conflict too often with the right choice for oneself. Williams finds trouble with the complexity in making certain decisions with a utilitarian mindset. This is a result of the ideas behind consequentialism and the utilitarian ideals of happiness. In the case of Ji m, for instance, his decision should not have to be thought out through a long line of tests and questions (i.e. aggregate utility, value of human life). The decision he makes should be

Outsourcing with Nike - 2220 Words

Outsourcing Table of Contents: No. Desc. Page No. 1. Outsourcing 3 1. Method 3 2. Summary 3 4. Overview/history of company 3 5. Reasons for outsource 3 6. Offshore or domestic 4 7. Pros and Cons of outsourcing to third world countries 5 8. Alternative recommendations 7 9. Conclusions:Is outsourcing a good thing 8 10. References 9 Method: Investigation on outsourcing within business. The outsourcing of trainer companies within developing countries with particular emphasis on Nike outsourcing history. Summary: Overview/history of company; Nike is one the leading shoe and athletic clothing company in the United States and probably one of the largest in the world. In 1993, Nikes yearly revenue became as large as the NBA, NFL,†¦show more content†¦Labor costs Labor costs in the United States are much higher than in many parts of the world. Consequently, the costs of production for labor-intensive manufacturing can be significantly reduced by moving factories overseas mainly to third world countries this is a common practice of Nike who outsource there manufacturing to other companies in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia.[ ] 2. Cost of Shipping The cost of shipping goods has dropped in recent years. Part of this reduction is the result of improved efficiencies in shipping technologies. Also, tariffs on imports have dropped with the North American Free Trade Agreement and other international efforts to promote free trade this will make it easier for companies and corporations such as Nike to outsource the manufacture of their goods. [4] 3. Free Trade as a Political Tool Outsourcing manufacturing jobs overseas has the additional benefit of promoting capitalism and free enterprise in many countries that have been run by communism and totalitarianism governments. Many political scientists and economists believe that by increasing economic interdependence with the United States, these foreign nations are more likely to develop into robust democracies and more likely to establish a middle class of their own this fact can be used by corporations such as Nike to justify outsourcing to these countries. [4] 4. Reduced Costs for Consumers For manyShow MoreRelatedNike Outsourcing2367 Words   |  10 PagesMatthew Christensen History C Thorton 15 February 2013 Cuts Costs * Decreasing overhead through outsourcing is a valuable resource for Nike. Cutting costs by employing workers at a reduced rate or paying less for plant operation allows Nike to invest the additional profits into other areas of the business such as advertising, thereby increasing the potential for company growth. In addition, decreased operational costs are more likely to attract and retain company investors because more moneyRead MoreOutsourcing Practices of Adidas, Converse, Nike, and Reebok1079 Words   |  4 PagesOutsourcing Practices of Adidas, Converse, Nike and Reebok Introduction Apparel and shoe manufacturers continued to offload the more costly yet easily replicated part so their business models to concentrate on brand building, marketing, sales and attaining greater distribution channels globally. These are the pressures all apparel and shoe manufacturers face, and it is particularly challenging in the athletic show industry (Kynge, 2009). Adidas, Converse, Nike and Reebok have been outsourcingRead MoreThe Contemporary Challenges Of Outsourcing1244 Words   |  5 PagesMatthew Butler December 2nd 2014 Contemporary management Professor Beehner M.P.A Contemporary Challenge Essay Outsourcing â€Å"Outsourcing is the transfer of control of a process or product to an outside supplier†(Hasan). For this assignment, please identify a contemporary management challenge (e.g. diversity, globalism, ethics social responsibility, etc.). Then, identify a company or organization that you believe has been impacted by this contemporary challenge. Write a minimum four-page paperRead MoreGlobal Stratification721 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Global stratification generally has a negative reputation. Critics see outsourcing as impacting both domestic and foreign countries in a negative way. Domestic economics falters since business is transferred to outside sources, therefore local employment suffers, prices may rise, and people may lose their jobs. Developing countries experience global stratification where, even though the imported business upgrades social conditions, social demarcation and hierarchy occurs where the labor class isRead MoreAnalysis of Three Videos on Outsourcing967 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Thinking Assignment: Overseas Outsourcing Introduction One of the most polarizing business practices of the last two decades continues to be the decision on the part of businesses to outsource production of their products to third world nations, The are a myriad of benefits and risks to outsourcing, often as diverse as the companies that choose this strategy as a means to compete globally (Beasley, Bradford, Pagach, 2004). The three videos analyzed in the paper have successfully definedRead MoreEthical Companies with Unethical Practices Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesof this assignment I will use the Nike Company to highlight its unethical practices. Despite the popularity of Nike in the American market, it has been accused of exploiting employees abroad. The corporate social responsibility stipulates that a company should maximize its profit and minimizes its cost in operations and manufacturing, also at the same time benefit the community it operates in. This paper will further elaborate on the global strategy employed by Nike Company as it outsources its goodsRead MoreNike and What It Does to Third World Countrys1726 Words   |  7 PagesThe Manufacturing Practices of the Footwear Industry: Nike vs. the Competition The current manufacturing practices of the sneaker industry, in particular companies such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Converse, and New Balance, takes place throughout the globe. With the industry experiencing severe competition, and the product requiring intensive labour, firms are facing extreme pressure to increase their profit margins through their sourcing practices. The following paperRead MoreThe Main Influences On Operation Management1112 Words   |  5 Pagesservice design and development ï  ¶ Supply chain management ï  ¶ Outsourcing ï  ¶ Technology ï  ¶ Inventory management ï  ¶ Quality management ï  ¶ Overcoming resistance to change ï  ¶ Global factors Three sources that may be successful for global businesses are; Outsourcing Outsourcing is when a business may contract out some of its operations to other businesses that specialize in these tasks. Why businesses chose to outsource may be due to the fact that outsourcing allows organisation to focus on core activities, reduceRead MoreProject Proposal : Nike Inc.1354 Words   |  6 PagesInception Nike, Inc. is a corporation that specializes in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and sales of footwear. Nike, Inc. was founded by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. The current Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is Mark Parker. The company headquarters is in Beaverton, Oregon. The company headquarters will be expanding soon and will contain two additional floors. Currently, there are twenty employees and four out of the twenty employees handle the IT part of the corporation. Nike operatesRead MoreCase Study Nike765 Words   |  4 Pagespurchase Nike products. This shows you that Nike’s image is one of the most viable and important aspects for their company’s success. Which would leave to the following aspects of customer satisfaction, because without that I could potentially ruin Nike’s positive image that they strive so much for. Another factor that plays into this positive image would be advertising. Advertising is an important factor because helps the company showcase their â€Å"consumer-aimed† designs to the public. â€Å"Nike recently

Essay on Fair Value Case - 1940 Words

Case 11-2(b) Fair Value Disclosures Case 11-2(b) is an extension of Case 11-2(a). For this case, assume that the Case 11-2(a) facts remain, with the exception of the additional assumptions listed below for each security. As stated in Case 11-2(a), Family Finance Co. (FFC) accounts for its investments at fair value, with changes in fair value reflected either in earnings (for trading securities) or other comprehensive income (OCI) (for available-for-sale (AFS) securities). 1 Because FFC uses the interest rate swap in a cash-flow hedge, FFC measures the derivative at fair value, presenting the portion of the fair value change that effectively offsets cash flow variability on its corporate debt in OCI and the remainder in earnings.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ FFC executes IR swaps with various counterparties and accounts for its IR swap assets and liabilities on a gross basis on its balance sheet. Instrument 6 — Fuel Swap — Gasoline †¢ FFC classifies its fuel swap within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of December 31, 2012. †¢ The fuel swap was the only derivative in FFC’s commodity derivatives portfolio. †¢ The fuel swap’s fair value at initial recognition (January 2, 2012) was $0. Furthermore, each of the four annual swaplets 2 had an inception value of $0. 2 A s waplet is akin to a swap with a single settlement. For example, an IR swap with a duration of two years that re-prices and settles every quarter can also be viewed as a sequential series of eight swaplets at inception (each swaplet is net settled as of the settlement date specified in the swap contract). The fair value measurement of an IR swap considers the expected cash flows of all unsettled swaplets as of the measurement date. C opyright 2009 Deloitte Development LLC All Rights Reserved. Case 11-2(b): Fair Value Disc losures †¢ Page 3 The first annual swaplet settled on December 31, 2012, resulting in a net cash payment to FFC of $100. Required: †¢ Using the case facts and the fair value amounts provided in the fair value data table below, prepare the annual quantitative disclosure tables required by ASC 820 as ofShow MoreRelatedUsefulness and Reliability of Information Provided By Corporations1474 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157 standardizes the valuation and disclosure of fair value for assets and liabilities in order to achieve both usefulness and reliability. The reasoning for the hierarchy was due to the inconsistency in previous definitions and guidance (FASB, 1992). Introduction to Fair Value Hierarchy To begin, SFAS defines fair value as the value today of an asset or liability if it were sold or disposed in a transaction between third parties that areRead MoreNew Zealand Financial Accounting. Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagesframework for measuring fair value in IFRS. This is based on a number of key concepts including unit of account; exit price; valuation premise; highest and best use; principal market; market participant assumptions and the fair value hierarchy. Fair value is an important measurement on the basis of financial reporting. It provides information about what an entity might realize if it sold an asset or might pay to transfer a liability. In recent years, the use of fair value as a measurement basis forRead MoreHistorical Development Of Fair Value Measurement1400 Words   |  6 PagesFair value measurement is one of the models which provide guidance on how entities should determine the fair value of financial instruments for reporting purposes. This paper discusse s the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Exposure Draft issued on December 3, 2015 which proposed amendments to Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements. The paper analyzes some of the key points of the exposure draft, among other things, the history andRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis : Its Causes And The Global Responses Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagestopic: Global financial crisis: its cause and the global responses Introduction The global financial crisis or economy crisis is commonly believed to have begun in July 2007 with credit crunch, when a loss of confidence by the US investors in the value of sub-prime mortgages caused a liquidity crisis. On the other hand, due to the big changes that took place over the last 20 to 30 years in the worldwide economy and the influence of 2007 financial crisis, it has re-emerged as one of the hottest topicsRead MoreAccounting Analysis On Accounting Standards1740 Words   |  7 Pagesshareholders and investors protection as different method of accounting system, using the cash and accrual accounting system are expatiate that create bias and error and attract certain group of people. Furthermore, this statement stat there is no market value in accounting where everything is based on management’s opinion. Moreover, using the related articles, how managers judge and manipulate the financial statement will be elaborated in the following. This paper will critically evaluate how accountantRead MoreThe principle of historical cost is still used in accounting when there is a large measure of agreement that it is inappropriate. Discuss.1226 Words   |  5 Pagesother valuation methods, due to word constraints I have focused primarily on Fair Value Accounting as an alternative to Historical Cost Accounting. Although Fair value accounting is a the oretically superior valuation methodology, there are several severe problems in its current application, due to lax regulations and ineffective methods of determining current values of non-current assets. These problems within Fair Value Accounting have ensured that most companies conservatively remain using HistoricalRead MoreConstructive Dividend Vs. Constructive Dividends1519 Words   |  7 Pagesof compensation with prior years, and the agreement between the corporation and the employees for the compensation paid, and others depending on the situation. The following court case illustrates the determination of reasonableness of compensation that the corporation paid to its shareholders and employees. In the case of Wechsler Co., Inc. v. Commissioner, TC Memo 2006-173, the Tax Court has to determine whether the salaries and bonuses the corporation (Ogden, Wechsler, and Krumholz, Inc.) paidRead MoreCreating Value: Internal and External Factors1257 Words   |  6 PagesLiberty University          INTRODUCTION The purpose of this thread is to discuss the factors that lead to a valuation of a company’s worth compared to that of the financial statements, and how company executives create the most value for all stakeholders.  Ã‚  Value is formed by different internal and external factors.  Ã‚  This discussion will examine some of these factors in an effort to determine how a company’s worth is measured.  Ã‚  This discussion will also include views from a faith-based standpointRead MorePreparation And Presentation Of A Company s Financial Statements1480 Words   |  6 Pagesthe company has to determine the fair value of its assets on an ongoing basis if approximate value in the market is to be reflected in the financial statements. These values are arrived at through the use of cash flow projections that are to be derived from using the assets, even when the company is not certain that these cash flow estimates will come to fruition (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2 010). The Financial Accounting Standards Board defines fair value as â€Å"the price that would be receivedRead MoreFair Value Measurement2356 Words   |  10 PagesFAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT: IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES AND CHALLENGES (PART 1) (by Tuam Kwok Choon and Ng Kean Kok) INTRODUCTION Since the promulgation of fair value accounting by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the subject matter has been hotly debated by industry players and professionals of the accounting fraternity the world over. Many problems and pitfalls have been highlighted on the mark-to-market premise. For example, David Gwilliam and Richard H.G. Jackson (2008) noted that

Irony in Oedipus Rex Essay Example For Students

Irony in Oedipus Rex Essay Oedipus Rex, by the Greek playwright Sophocles, is, without a doubt, one of the greatest examples of dramatic irony. There are many instances where the audience knows so much more than the main characters, and Sophocles uses irony to point to Oedipus as Laius murderer as well.Additionally, Oedipus is most definitely a tragic hero-he had a tragic flaw, namely that he was relentless and often rash in his search for the truth about Laius death and his killer; this ultimately lead to Oedipus own destruction. He also refuses to compromise or humble himself before others and stubbornly refuses to allow others to express different opinions from their own. Oedipus is so arrogant and self-confident that he challenges the will of the gods (hence, the entire basis of the play). One of the early examples of dramatic irony in the play is during the scene in which Oedipus accuses Creon of plotting against him with Teiresias, an old, blind prophet. Creon is a great friend to Oedipus, and Teiresias, by at first refusing to reveal the murderer is trying to protect Oedipus, not plot against him. This is ironic because what is actually occurring is the opposite of what is perceived. Additionally, it is extremely ironic that Teiresias is blind. His old age represents his wisdom, and his physical blindness is ironic because he is able to see the reality in Oedipus situation. Conversely, Oedipus is not physically blind, but is unable to see the truth. During the play Teiresias reminds Oedipus of his ability to solve the riddle of the Sphinx in the past, and he presents another riddle. The irony of the riddles is that although Oedipus had solved the first one to lift Thebes plague, he did not realize that it was symbolic of his own life. To contribute to the irony, Oed ipus curses Laius murderer and vows to avenge the former kings death. He is virtually condemning himself. His speeches foreshadow his imminent doom- he is destined by the gods to be a victim, and there is nothing he can do to escape the fate he once learned of from the oracle. As a tragic hero, Oedipus is the classic definition. He has many characteristics of a great leader- strong, upright, clever, proud, arrogant, etc. However, these attributes also add to his downfall. He makes, rash, hasteful decisions at times, especially in front of the people. When Teiresias and Creon encourage him to speak privately of what they have discovered, he refuses to listen because he cannot imagine that it would possibly regard a matter that would defame him. Oedipus is shocked when Teiresias tells him the truth, and then reverses the accusation by declaring that Teiresias actually is responsible or Laius murder. Thus, we can see that Oedipus is rich, proud, and stubborn. He does not wish to see the reality of the situation- and his virtual blindness will lead him make himself physically blind in the end when he finally sees his mistakes. This classic Greek play is indeed one of most proficient examples of irony and a tragic hero. Sophocles ability to withhold information and use irony to build up suspense is unique. He effectively creates an intriguing plot with his strong, well-developed characters. Bibliography:

Fortune In Troilus And Cressida Essay Research free essay sample

Fortune In Troilus And Cressida Essay, Research Paper Lady Fortune: Friend or Foe? The face of Fortune in Chaucer # 8217 ; s Troilus and Criseyde. Lady Fortune and her wheel are two of the most abiding symbols in world # 8217 ; s history. Witness the popular game show, Wheel of Fortune. While it may look silly, it proves that something of this construct has stayed with in our mind, even today. The inquiry of luck is paramount is Chaucer # 8217 ; s Troilus and Criseyde. Chaucer gives the reader characters with wholly conflicting thoughts of Lady Fortune and her affect on their lives. By analyzing Boethius # 8217 ; s Consolation of Philosophy, the reader can trust to happen an reply for these differing positions on luck. First, Boethius # 8217 ; s influence on Chaucer and the character of Fortune that he presents must be examined. Once this is established as a benchmark, the reader can to the full understand the misconceptions Troilus has sing lucks. Troilus clings, as Boethius does in his Consolation of Philosophy, to the memory of his faithful service to Fortune. Finally, the character of Pandarus must be addressed. He, of all Chaucer # 8217 ; s characters, has a steadfast clasp on the world of the Lady Fortune and her ever-changing nature. In fact, a close scrutiny of the text of Troilus and Criseyde will demo that Chaucer gives Pandarus a really similar function to that of Lady Philosophy in The Consolation of Philosophy. Boethius # 8217 ; s Consolation of Philosophy Boethius # 8217 ; s work trades with the cosmopolitan experience of agony. He finds himself imprisoned and under menace of executing. As Boethius begins to elaborate his sorrows and fault # 8220 ; fickle Fortune # 8221 ; ( p. 35 ) , he finds himself comforted by none other than Lady Philosophy. Their treatment is presented at length for the reader to go through judgement on. The subdivision peculiarly facing Boethius # 8217 ; s misconceptions of Fortune and is of involvement to this statement is found chiefly in Book II. Lady Philosophy points out to Boethius precisely what the root of his job is at the beginning of this subdivision. # 8220 ; You are blowing off in aching and hankering for your former good luck, # 8221 ; she tells him ( p.54 ) . This is because he has forgotten the true nature of Fortune. Once he comes to an apprehension of Fortune and how she works as an instrument of God, he will be healed of his illness of depression. Boethius so moves the conversation to a face to confront treatment with Fortune. B.L. Jefferson, in his book Chaucer and the Consolation of Philosophy of Boethius, claims that # 8220 ; Boethius was the first to visualise Fortune in this most personal manner # 8221 ; ( p. 49 ) . Boethius # 8217 ; s treatment about luck makes three different points. First, that alteration is the really nature of Fortune. This mutableness is pointed out by Lady Philosophy, # 8220 ; Change is her normal behaviour, her true nature # 8230 ; You have discovered the altering faces of the random goddess, # 8221 ; she tells Boethius ( Consolation, p. 55 ) . No adult male can halt her wheel from turning ; it goes against Fortune # 8217 ; s really nature to make so. She can turn her face off from a adult male every bit rapidly as she turns it to him. Jefferson characterizes the statement in this manner, # 8220 ; Absolutely without understanding, [ Fortune ] cares no more for one adult male than another # 8221 ; ( 50 ) . Following comes the defence of Fortune by herself. Her statement is simple: I have merely taken back what was mine in the first topographic point. # 8220 ; Inconstancy is my very kernel, # 8221 ; she says, # 8220 ; it is the game I neer cease to play as I turn my wheel in its of all time altering circle, filled with joy as I bring the top to the underside and the underside to the top. Yes, lift up on my wheel if you like, but don # 8217 ; t number it an hurt when by the same item you begin to fall, as the regulations of the game will necessitate # 8221 ; ( Consolation, p. 57 ) . Boethius has no evidences for his ailments because everything he has of all time had was given to him by Fortune. If she decides to take it back, it is her prerogative. This should non direct him to the cavities of desperation. # 8220 ; Indeed, my really mutability gives you merely do to trust for better things, # 8221 ; Fortune tells Boethius ( 58 ) . Merely as the wheel has borne him down, so can it bear him back up to better things. Last, Lady Philosophy instructs Boethius in Fortune # 8217 ; s deeper significance, as a retainer of God. Jefferson once more, # 8220 ; Of a connexion with Providence, Fortune herself does non look to be cognizant, for she works blindly and wantonly. But behind her and regulating her, is the all-wise Capital of rhode island. Through the hardships of Fortune, Providence creates in work forces what we now call character # 8230 ; . In Fortune [ Boethius ] saw the instrument of God # 8221 ; ( 50 ) . This made what Boethius was making a really serious affair. It was all really nice to speak about the caprices of luck, but to bind it logically and straight to the Providence of God was a wholly different affair. Boethius # 8217 ; s Influence on Chaucer It is from these points of statement with Fortune that we can see how Boethius influenced Chaucer, particularly in Troilus and Criseyde. Most of the literature on Troilus seems to back up this claim every bit good. # 8220 ; The Boethian subject of Fortune dominates Troilus and Criseyde, and Chaucer even incorporates direct adoptions from the Consolation of Philosophy, # 8221 ; says Martin Camargo ( 214 ) . Jefferson says that the Consolation had more influence on Troilus than on any other long verse form of Chaucer # 8217 ; s ( 120 ) . It seems, nevertheless, that Chaucer did non merely utilize Boethius indiscriminately in this text. He really carefully cover with the same cardinal issues of Fortune and God # 8217 ; s Providence that Boethius did in his Consolation. That is why Pandarus sounds merely like Lady Philosophy when he speaks to Troilus in Book 1: # 8220 ; Than blaestow Fortune For thow art wroth ; ye now at erst I see. Woost thow nat wel that Fortune is comune To everi manere wight in som grade? And yet thow hast this comfort, lo, parde, That, as hire joies moten overgon, So mote hir sorwes passen everecho. For if hire whiel stynte any thyng to torne, Than cessed she Fortune anon to be. Now, sith hire whiel by no may sojourne, What woostow if hire mutabilite Right as thyselven list wol Don by the, Or that she be naught fer fro thyn helpynge? Paraunter thow hast cause for to synge # 8221 ; ( I.841-54 ) . The same points of statement are reiterated here in Chaucer # 8217 ; s ain words. Pandarus is stating the exact same things as Lady Philosophy # 8217 ; s statement. Fortune is the same to every adult male. The joys she brings may go through away, but so will the sorrows. Her wheel can non halt. She would discontinue to be fortune. The reader can see the direct correlativity between Boethius # 8217 ; s work and Pandarus # 8217 ; s words. Fortune in Troilus and Criseyde Chaucer gives Pandarus a clear apprehension of Lady Fortune. It is his character who leads Troilus and instructs him, as Lady Fortune did Boethius. Camargo insists that it was of import for Chaucer that his readers see the correlativity between the gap of the Consolation and the gap of Troilus and Criseyde. # 8220 ; Because it was of import to Chaucer that his readers recognize the analogies between Troilus and Boethius and Pandarus and Philosophy from the beginning, he took particular strivings in Book I to remember the Consolation # 8217 ; s vivid opening scene # 8221 ; ( Camargo, p. 215 ) . Merely as Lady Philosophy found Boethius under the sway of the Muses, so Chaucer begins this scene with Troilus singing entirely in his room. He besides comes to him and upbraids him for his confusion approximately Fortune as noted in the transition from Book I cited above. However, Pandarus is genuinely an self-seeker when it comes to Fortune. He tells Troilus and Criseyde to take the chanc e presented to them b Y this love. â€Å"By turning Lady Philosophy’s lesson into a veiled carpe diem, Pandarus demonstrates his enthusiastic credence of the ephemeral gifts of Fortune, † Joseph Salemi writes. Pandarus encourages Troilus by stating that Fortune must be smiling on him, and Tells Criseyde that this is an â€Å"good aventure† ( II.288 ) . In Book IV, Pandarus once more advocates Troilus on Fortune. However, now Fortune has turned her face off from Troilus. He says: # 8220 ; Who woulde have wende that in so litel a throwe Fortune oure joie wold Han overthrowe? For in this universe ther is no animal, As to my dom, that of all time saugh ruyne Straunger than this, thorough Ca or aventure. But who may al eschue, or al devyne? Swich is this universe! Forthi I therefore diffyne: Ne trust no wight to fynden in Fortune Ay propertee ; engage yiftes ben comune # 8221 ; ( IV.384-92 ) . He grasps that the really nature of Fortune is to take what she has given. No 1 can understand her volatile nature, except to cognize that she changes. Pandarus goes on to state Troilus that he should seek a new love. Surely Fortune will smile on him in the signifier of a new dulcinea! This is genuinely a Boethian doctrine. As Fortune spins her wheel, finally the wheel will convey prosperity once more ( Consolation, II. Pr 1 ) . Troilus has a wholly different position sing Fortune. He is much more like Boethius. # 8220 ; He [ Troilus ] and Pandarus represent two every bit deformed positions of Fortune: that of the self-seeker and the determinist, # 8221 ; says Joseph Salemi ( 219 ) . Jefferson besides agrees that Troilus is # 8220 ; the sort of determinist that Boethius was in the Consolation # 8230 ; in the function which he assumes for himself in contrast to his consoler, Dame Philosophy, the adult male who cries out against Fortune, who can non accommodate to his bad lucks # 8221 ; ( 123 ) . So Chaucer has cast his Troilus in the function of Boethius. Troilus # 8217 ; s inquiry at the beginning of his vocal in Book I does so repeat that of Boethius: # 8220 ; If no love is, O good, what fele I so? And if love is, what thing and which is he? If love be good, from whennes cometh my woo? If it be wikke, a admiration thynketh me, When every torture and adversite That cometh of hym may to me savoury thinke, For ay thurst I, the more that ich it drink # 8221 ; ( I, 400-06 ) . He is oppugning the very nature of Fortune and the events environing him. Boethius, while telling his ruin to Lady Philosophy, asks her # 8220 ; where evil comes from if there is a God, and where good comes from if there isn # 8217 ; t # 8221 ; ( Consolation, I, Pr. 4 ) . The job is that merely as Boethius is incorrect sing Fortune, so is Troilus. Take Troilus # 8217 ; s plaint in Book IV as a clear illustration of this misconception sing Fortune and as a premier illustration of his fatalism: # 8220 ; Fortune, allas the piece! What have I wear? What have I therefore agylt? How myghtestow for routh me bygile? Is ther no grace, and shal I therefore be spilt? Shal therefore Criseyde awy, for that thow wilt? Allas, how maistow in thyn herte fynde To ben to me therefore cruwel and unkynde? # 8221 ; ( IV, 260-266 ) . When he continues, the true nature of his hurt is revealed. # 8220 ; Have I the zero honoured al my lyve, /As thow wel woost, above the goddes alle? # 8221 ; ( 267-68 ) . Troilus has devoted himself to the service of Fortune, but like Boethius, can non yet hold on her true nature. Chaucer uses this misconception to do even clearer that the true nature of Fortune is changeless alteration. Troilus # 8217 ; s fatalism and misunderstanding of the favours of Fortune show up in crisp contrast to the self-interest and apprehension of Pandarus. Troilus reacts with even greater ardor in Book IV when he thinks Criseyde has died. # 8220 ; O cruel Jove and thow, Fortune adverse, # 8221 ; he cries ( IV, 1192 ) . Salemi says that # 8220 ; Troilus # 8217 ; s frenetic desperation is a text book illustration, harmonizing to Boethian rules, of how non to respond to adverse Fortune # 8221 ; ( 218 ) . Troilus has merely told the reader he had served Fortune all his life. How can he inquire Fortune to be something she is non? By naming her # 8220 ; inauspicious # 8221 ; Troilus clearly shows one time once more his misinterpretation. Fortune is neither inauspicious or good. She simply spins her wheel. As Pandarus points out, joy will certainly come once more if you merely wait for her wheel to turn once more. Where does Criseyde fall in all of this? Is she representative of Fortune in Chaucer # 8217 ; s work? Salemi seems to believe there are evidences for such an association, although he admits it would be hard to keep. He says that Pandarus # 8217 ; s function # 8220 ; as an adviser who tells Troilus about how to cover with a certain adult female reinforces the suggested affinity of Criseyde with Fortune # 8221 ; ( 214 ) . The storyteller besides makes the association of Criseyde with Fortune in the Prologue to Book IV. The storyteller tells the reader that Fortune # 8220 ; From Troilus she gan hire brighte face # 8230 ; And on hire whiel she sette up Diomede # 8221 ; ( IV, 8, 10 ) . What Fortune has done is precisely what Criseyde will make. While this is a plausible statement on the surface, Criseyde does non look so much to function as Fortune but to understand her better than most. She has a steadfast appreciation on the faithlessness of Fortune. Indeed, when Chaucer introduc es her, the reader is struck by the fact that she does non fault Fortune for her sorrows. She is widowed, abandoned by her male parent and has had to throw herself at the pess of another in order to salvage herself. Even in the terminal, she simply bewails # 8220 ; the resentment of worldly joys # 8221 ; ( Jefferson, 126 ) . She knows they can non convey felicity. And what is billed as her falseness to Troilus in Book V simply shows the credence of the manus she has been dealt by Fortune. The storyteller says in Book V, # 8220 ; Retornying in hire soule ay up and down The wordes of this sodeyn Diomede, His grete estat, and perel of the town, And that she was allone and hadde nede Of frendes help ; and therefore bygan to brede The cause whi, the sothe for to state, That she took to the full purpos for to dwelle # 8221 ; ( V, 1023-29 ) While it may hold been Fortune # 8217 ; s making that Criseyde is apart from Troilus, she understands at one time the gravitation of the state of affairs she is in and takes stairss to rectify it. This shows that she understand that the universe is inconstant. The subject of Fortune in Troilus and Criseyde springs right from the pages of Boethius # 8217 ; s Consolation of Philosophy. This text evidently influenced Chaucer greatly. He drew from it often, about projecting his characters in Troilus and Criseyde into the functions in the Consolation of Philosophy. The consequence is powerful and traveling for the reader. Chaucer # 8217 ; s audience could work through the same issues presented in the Consolation and see how the are dealt with in a authoritative narrative. And even today, modern readers can pull the same decisions from this dateless narrative of love and luck. Bibliography Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. Trans. V.E. Watts. Penguin Classics. New York: Penguin Books. 1969. Camargo, Martin. # 8220 ; The Consolation of Pandarus. # 8221 ; Chaucer Review Vol. 25 No. 3 ( 1991 ) P. 214-28. Chaucer, Geoffrey. Troilus and Criseyde. Ed. Larry Benson The Riverside Chaucer.. Boston: The Houghton Mifflin Company. 1987. P. 471-585. Jefferson, B.J. Chaucer and the Consolation of Philosophy of Boethius. New York: Haskell House. 1965. Salemi, Joseph S. # 8220 ; Playful Fortune and Chaucer # 8217 ; s Criseyde. # 8221 ; Chaucer Review Vol. 13 No. 3 ( 1979 ) . P. 285-307 Bibliography attached

Slavery In The United States Essays - Slavery In The United States

Slavery in the United States In the history of the United States nothing has brought more shame to the face of America than the cold, premeditated method of keeping black people in captivity. People from England who migrated to America used many different methods to enslave black people and passed them down through the children. These methods were quite effective, so effective that these slaves were kept in captivity for over two hundred years in this country. It was the rain of terror that kept black people in fear of their lives for so long. The invention of the gun back in the fifth-teenth century was the main reason that these people were able to go to another continent and enslave so many people. These people from Africa were mistreated very badly right from the start both mentally and physically. They were packed very tightly on ships for months at a time chained to each other with no place to go to the bathroom, little water to drink, and hardly anything to eat. As the population constantly increased in the colonies during the 1600s, so did the demand for slavery especially in the southern colonies where the big plantations were. These plantations were very lucrative since the owners had free manual labor and they could keep all the profit from the crops for themselves. They also had to justify what they were doing to themselves so what they did was tell themselves that these slaves were barbaric and not smart enough to be civilized. These slave owners also owned huge houses in the middle of their plantations and thought of themselves as noblemen. In acuality, it was the slaves who were living nobly while the Europeans were living barbaricly. The Europeans who owned slaves also thought that the slaves were not smart enough because they could not speak English and they did not have a written language. This was proven not to be true either because the second generation of slaves learned the English language with no trouble at all. Once the sl aves started having children, the demand for slaves dropped while the market for selling slaves and their children went up. This was another way they kept slaves in slavery. If a person was born to a slave, he or she was automatically born into a life of slavery. The owners would also keep their slaves ignorant. They would not teach them how to read or write. If they could read, they would have been shocked to find that these colonists believed that every man is born with the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They also would have known that these colonists left the last country that they were in for this same reason. Their ignorance to this fact is not what kept them in slavery for so though. What kept them obedient was the fact that they knew they would be made an example of if they tried to escape. Second of all, they had no where to escape to. It was not like they had a friends house to hide out in. They knew if they rebelled or acted up, they would be either beaten very badly with whips, punished by starving in the basement, or just shot. I am sure they all wanted to rebel, but they saw what happened to the ones who did rebel so most of them decided not to. As time went on, slaves were getting smarter and were learning how to read and write. They started learn that not all black people in the country were enslaved. By word of mouth or by reading, they started to learn that slavery did not exist up north. Then they started to learn that not every white person was out to get them if they knew that they were planning to escape. This was a very dangerous plan though. Some white people would actua lly help some slaves escape. This was called the Underground Railroad. Underground because it was kept a big secret from everyone because nobody could trust anybody back then because you would never know who would snitch and who wouldnt. The railroad part was a string of houses of white

Theme Essay For A Raisin In The Sun

Theme Essay For A Raisin In The SunWhen it comes to writing a sample of a theme essay, it will have you moving very quickly. You will find that every word counts and if you are unsure about what words to use, then go into your own words and see how they come out. The key is to strike a balance between your personal style and a clear expression of what you are trying to say. It is also important to remember to keep the essay short and concise.In writing a sample of a theme essay, it is easy to get sidetracked. As you are trying to nail down your topics, you may not know where to stop. The key is to plan carefully, sticking to one topic until you feel comfortable writing a final draft. This will allow you to get a head start on the writing.When you are trying to write a theme essay, you should think of each topic you are going to cover as an individual character in your story. Each one of them needs to be wrapped up in some way or another, and you will need to provide examples that hel p you do this. Once you are done with this first step, the rest will follow naturally.You should not do a theme essay for a raisin in the sun if you did not have a high school experience. If you did not go to school, then take a moment to reflect on why you went to school. Did you enjoy it? Did you have to work hard for it? You will want to keep this in mind as you try to understand what a sample of a theme essay for a raisin in the sun should consist of.Try writing something about someone in your life who may not necessarily be from your current life but who you know that you enjoyed learning from. This could include books or magazines, just about anything that has influenced you. Do not limit yourself to someone you know well, but rather everyone who has ever been involved in your life and changed your life for the better. You may even try to include photos of these people. Keep in mind that if you write a sample of a theme essay for a raisin in the sun, you will want to write a g ood story or a very detailed essay.To write a theme essay for a raisin in the sun, you should not hesitate to put your feelings on paper. You should try to capture the feelings of your subject in your own words. There is nothing worse than getting caught up in the details of your topic and forgetting that it is supposed to be an essay. You will find that you will enjoy your time in class more when you are able to express your feelings in a way that others can understand. This does not mean that you will not also try to let the facts speak for themselves. It only means that you should be able to convey the feelings of the subject in a way that people can relate to.Writing a sample of a theme essay for a raisin in the sun will help you put your thoughts into words. When you do this, you will discover that you can create a more thoughtful document than you may have previously been able to. Your final document will be well-written and great for that final grade.